Energy from the sun is abundant, renewable and powers life on earth.� Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels convert solar energy directly into electricity. Solar PVs can be manufactured in large plants, enabling economies of scale. Indeed, the cost of utility scale solar PV�s has declined by more than 89% since 2009, driven by increased take up. Solar PVs are modular and can be deployed in large arrays, residential homes or for small personal electronics and off-grid applications. In 2020, global solar capacity was about 511GWs, equivalent to 7% of the global generation mix. By 2030, could more than treble to 1804GWs, equivalent to 19% of the mix. More than half of these additions will be used in utility scale projects, however, commercial and residential take up will also be material.

Wind energy harnesses the power of the wind to turn wind turbine and generate electricity. Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the transmission network. Onshore wind farms are generally located in rural areas and turbines need to be spread over large areas of land with a minimum distance of 150m from any obstructions. Offshore wind farms are stronger and more reliable, but are significantly more expensive to construct and maintain. Wind power cannot be dispatched on-demand as it is dependent on the wind blowing. It must therefore be combined with other power sources to provide reliable supply. The use of wind power has increased dramatically over the past decade driving down the cost of wind. Indeed, wind energy has declined by more than 70% since 2009, thanks in part, to economies of scale.

In 2020, global wind capacity was about 622GWs, equivalent to 8% of the global generation mix. This could increase to about 1200GWs in 2030, equivalent to 13% of the mix.

Water can be used in different ways to generate power. Hydropower uses energy from moving water and includes hydro-electric dams, run-of-river and pumped storage facilities.� Hydroelectric dams make use of water accumulated in reservoirs created by dams on rivers. Water is released into hydro turbines as needed to generate electricity.� A run of river system harnesses the energy� from flowing water. A pumped-storage facility stores energy by pumping water uphill from a pool at a lower elevation to a reservoir located at a higher elevation. When there is high demand for electricity, water located in the higher pool is released. As this water flows back down to the lower reservoir, it turns a turbine to generate more electricity. Pumped storage is largely used to supply power at peak times of the day.

With capacity of 1120 GWs in 2020, hydropower is currently the largest renewable energy source, making up 16% of global mix. Over the last 20 years, global capacity has risen 70%. Although capacity is still expected to increase, its share of the mix is expected to decline due to significantly faster growth from other renewable sources including solar, wind and geothermal. In 2030, hydropower's capacity is expected to grow to 138GWs equivalent to 13% of total capacity.

Wave energy technologies use different solutions to harness energy from waves, depending on the water depth and proximity of the wave break to the shoreline.� Small commercial projects with capacities ranging from 10 kW to 1 MW have advanced in the UK, Canada, Australia and China.� These however, remain expensive and have not yet achieved the economies of scale necessary for significant cost reductions.

Geothermal electricity harnesses heat released from the earth�s core to generate heat and power. Unlike solar and wind, it can provide base load power, with no seasonal variations. It is used in 26 countries to generate electricity and in 70 countries for heating. Global geothermal electricity capacity is about 12 GW, equivalent to 0.2% of the global generation mix. With capacity of about 3.7 GW, the US is the largest geothermal producer. Other large producers include Indonesia and Turkey. Kenya and Iceland have the largest exposure to geothermal power, accounting for a respective 38% and 30% of their respective energy mixes. Although geothermal remains a small contributor to global capacity mix, it holds significant potential because of the abundance of this renewable energy source within the earth's surface which is estimated to contain 50 000 times more energy than all oil and gas resources worldwide. However, it is not yet cost competitive relative to solar and wind as geothermal activity is often too far from the earth�s surface to make drilling feasible.

Biomass is plant or animal material used to produce heat and to fuel power stations. It is also used to produce biofuels for transportation. It includes wood and wood processing waste, agricultural crops and waste, manure and sewage and natural solid waste from paper, cotton and food. Burning plant based biomass releases CO2, however, it is considered carbon-neutral as the source of the biomass captures almost the same amount of CO2 through photosynthesis while growing as is released when it is burned.

In 2019, power capacity using biomass as a fuel source was about 134GWs, equivalent to about 2% of the global generation mix. This is an increase from 106GWs in 2015 when it represented 1.7% of the mix.

Hydrogen is used in a number of industrial processes such as in the production of steel, fertilizers, plastics and is used in oil recovery. Hydrogen can be used to generate heat, propulsion and electricity in fuel cells. Producing low carbon or carbon free hydrogen therefore opens up many decarbonization opportunities and provides a pathway for governments to achieve ambitious climate goals. Electrolysers that separate hydrogen from water using electricity are a key technology in producing green hydrogen. Electrolysers are energy intensive equipment and therefore need to be powered by renewable or low carbon energy sources to make hydrogen production carbon free.

The number of nuclear reactors operational around the world has seen little change over the past 3 decades due to high upfront costs, negative public sentiment caused by nuclear disasters and few advancements in technology which overshadow its potential as a low carbon and stable source of electricity and role in meeting climate goals. Climate pressures have renewed interest in Nuclear and startups in Europe and the US aim to address the potential downsides to nuclear energy by developing low capacity reactors that operate at low pressure, have a higher heat threshold and are cheaper to build and install. Commercially operational reactors are based on fission while some startups are researching the possibility of commercially viable fusion reactors.�

Metals and non-metals that are vital in the development of the worlds leading and emerging economies. These metals are used in the production and manufacturing of many of the devices, buildings and transportation we use today.

The oil sector is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions. The chemical and petrochemical sector is responsible for emitting as much as 3.6% of total emissions from the manufacturing of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals and refrigerants. Oil extraction and transportation process often results in emissions leaking into the atmosphere from damaged or poorly maintained pipes or from flaring. In a transition to a lower carbon economy, the sector is adopting more sustainable and efficient extraction and processing practices, incorporating IoT, analytics, satellite imagery and recycling.

The extraction and transportation of gas often result in methane leakage into the atmosphere either from flaring or from damaged and poorly maintained pipes. In a transition to a lower carbon economy, the sector is adopting more sustainable and efficient extraction and processing practices, incorporating IoT, analytics, satellite imagery and recycling. The sector also has a role to play in supporting deep decarbonization technologies, such as carbon, capture and storage and methane efficiencies.

Batteries, the most common energy storage technology, use chemicals mostly lithium-ion, to store and release energy. They are particularly useful in an energy system reliant on intermittent supply, as they are able to release stored energy much faster than any other type of generation or storage technology. Depending on the need, batteries can be arranged in small or large quantities. Utility scale battery storage for example can be connected into an electricity transmission system and supply stored power when wind and solar are unable. California is currently the global leader in utility scale storage with capacity of about 1440MWs. However, the rest of the world is rapidly following suit with large projects recently announced in other parts of the US, the UK, Lithuania and Chile. Smaller-scale batteries can also be installed in homes to provide backup power and can also form part of a smaller grid. Due to the technology�s versatility and falling costs, the use of batteries for renewable energy is expected to increase over the coming years.

All non-battery related storage technologies which have the ability to harness and store the power made from renewable sources such as solar, wind and hydro power for long periods of time.

A microgrid is a local energy grid capable of operating independently from the main power grid, either permanently or temporarily. For decades, microgrids have been used in critical infrastructure such as hospitals and military bases. However, since 2010, the price of solar PVs, batteries, connection and control systems have declined making microgrids an attractive solution to powering suburbs, rural communities, commercial buildings and even industrial sites. This evolving technology has the ability to supply clean, stable energy to its microgrid, enhance resilience and reduce energy costs.

Services and equipment which assist in the supply of power to electric and hybrid vehicles

Peer-to-Peer storage systems leverage the combined storage capacity of a network of storage devices(peers) contributed typically by autonomous end-users as a common pool of storage space to store and share content.

Land is fundamentally linked to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. The land-use sector has great potential to reduce emissions, sequester carbon and increase both human resilience.

Forests account for a little over one-third (38%) of habitable land area. This is around one-quarter (26%) of�*total*�(both habitable and uninhabitable) land area. 10% of the world is covered by glaciers, and a further 19% is barren land � deserts, dry salt flats, beaches, sand dunes, and exposed rocks. This leaves what we call �habitable land�.

This marks a significant change from the past: global forest area has reduced significantly due to the expansion of agriculture. Today half of global habitable land is�[used for farming](https://ourworldindata.org/land-use). The area used for livestock farming in particular is equal in area to the world�s forests.

Forests are complex systems that are the home to people, plants, animals and insects. They provide us with many important ecosystem services and thanks to their ability to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen the forests of the world are often described as the lungs of the Earth. The sector can play an active role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions caused by deforestation and land use changes. Sustainable forestry and agroforestry practices can provide innovative sustainable landscape management to safeguard multiple ecosystem services for the provision of economic opportunities that support local livelihoods.

Oceans, coastlines and coastal communities are being disproportionately impacted by increasing ocean pollution, increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. Ocean currents are changing, certain oxygen zones are being depleted and some marine species are being depleted. Furthermore, polar ice caps are melting causing rising sea levels with significant impacts on shorelines. A wide range of technologies already exist and are being developed to protect the oceans and its communities. These range from robots which collect beach pollution, sensors which detect ocean temperatures and underwater drones that collect data on marine life. Sustainable fisheries are also also wide spread. They help protect vulnerable marine life, increase food security and enhance the well-being of fishing communities. Coastal zones are being protected through wetland restoration, beach nourishment and a combination of other well-established and innovative technologies.

Glaciers and solar ice caps play an important role in cooling the planet and maintaining a stable climate. Rising temperatures have locked in a negative feedback loop which is accelerating the rate at which the ice is melting. Various technologies are being used to protect these solar sheets including satellite imagery. More daring technologies include building protecting walls using underwater robots.

Clean air is fundamental to human health and well-being. Rising green house gas emissions is raising global temperatures and leading to an increase in harmful pollutants and allergens. Innovations in air quality measuring, monitoring and purification are helping to reduce its negative effects.

Vertical and Smart farming technologies aim to resolve the food shortages of the future through innovative and advanced farming solutions.

Innovative and advanced technologies in the cropping industry with the aim of food security and sustainability for the future.

Advanced technologies such as: drones, sensors and wearables, used in the livestock farming industry, supporting the sustainability and longevity of the livestock of the future.

Plant based meat and seafood alternatives are a solution to reducing our dependence on livestock farming for protein intake. Livestock farming contributes to approximately 16% of GHG emissions and is a significant contributor towards water pollution. Modern plant based alternatives source their protein from soy, peas, chick peas and mung beans, which are common sources of protein in a vegetarian or vegan diet. Cellular meat and seafood is a fast growing technology that aims to address the negative impact of livestock farming by growing meat using animal cells. This is also known as cultivated meat or lab grown meat. Plant based and cellular alternatives are sold in popular protein forms such as burgers, sausages, steak and chicken nuggets.

Plant based meat and seafood alternatives are a solution to reducing our dependence on livestock farming for protein intake. Livestock farming contributes to approximately 16% of GHG emissions and is a significant contributor towards water pollution. Modern plant based alternatives source their protein from soy, peas, chick peas and mung beans, which are common sources of protein in a vegetarian or vegan diet. Cellular meat and seafood is a fast growing technology that aims to address the negative impact of livestock farming by growing meat using animal cells. This is also known as cultivated meat or lab grown meat. Plant based and cellular alternatives are sold in popular protein forms such as burgers, sausages, steak and chicken nuggets.

Sustainable materials are those that be produced at scale without depleting non-renewable resources. These include sustainable packaging materials like polyurethane used in sustainable plastics, man-made leather and carbon efficient construction materials like cement.

Recycling is the process collecting, sorting and converting waste materials into reusable objects and materials, thereby diverting them from landfills and limiting their harmful effects on climate. A wide range of technologies exist to support the recycling process. For example, there are multiple platforms connecting individuals and corporates to waste management companies, sensors are available to identify, sort and weigh waste and innovations exist to return hard to recycle materials into valuable inputs.

Existing waste management is leading to swelling landfills. Furthermore, landfills are often low-oxygen environments where organic matter is converted to methane when it decomposes. A wide range of technologies exist to keep waste out of landfills using sensors, robotics, IoT and and platforms that connect individuals and corporates to recyclers. Technologies to convert waste to energy are also widely deployed.

Wastewater includes municipal sewage effluents, industrial effluents and urban and agricultural runoffs, which could be harmful to human health without appropriate management. Technologies available to measure and treat waste water include sand filtration, membrane treatment technologies as well as using natural bacteria.

It is estimated that the fashion industry is responsible for as much as 10% of global carbon emissions. The manufacture of textiles and clothing consumes large quantities of water and occupies substantial space in landfills. A number of start-ups are involved in separating textile fibres for re-use in clothes. Sharing and hiring platforms are also increasing in popularity thereby diverting textiles from landfills.

CCS is a combination of technologies designed to prevent the release of CO2 generated through conventional power generation and industrial production processes by injecting the CO2 in suitable underground storage reservoirs.

Mitigation of CO2 emissions requires a modernization of fossil-fuel based industry and processes. Fossil-fuel based carbon abatement technologies enable fossil fuels to be used with substantially reduced CO2 emissions. One possible way is via Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). CCS is a combination of technologies designed to prevent the release of CO2 generated through conventional power generation and industrial production processes by injecting the CO2 in suitable underground storage reservoirs.

Businesses which provide other business with opportunities to reduce carbon emissions to compensate for their emissions made elsewhere.

Businesses which provide consumers with opportunities to reduce carbon emissions to compensate for their emissions made elsewhere.

Data driven solutions that measure and manage climate mitigation and adaptation are emerging rapidly. The market for insight and data on the carbon economy, from emissions to offsets and evidence-based sustainability are powering the broad based move to a zero-carbon future. Carbon Intelligence firms are mapping and tracking supply chain emissions and giving decision makers the tools they need to identify and execute on decarbonization opportunities.

Processes by which companies and organisations use to quantify their emissions to assist in understanding their impact on the climate which then allows them to set goals to reduce and limit their emissions.

IoT describes objects that are embedded with sensors and processing technologies that connect with other sensors. In the transition to a low carbon future IoT is used across a range of sectors including agriculture, residential homes and smart buildings to to measure, manage and reduce emissions.

As climate change increases the likelihood of unexpected weather patterns and natural disasters, communities need tools and methods to adapt to increased drought, floods, landslides and other climate-induced hazards. An important climate adaptation strategy is also for countries to be equipped with better data and environmental information such as assessments of water resources and invasive species, as they are an important basis for decision-makers.

Climate finance ranges from traditional lending, crowd funding, venture capital and impact investing. The sector is a key enabler to funding the low carbon transition.

A number of technologies and companies exist to measure, analyse and predict risks associated with rising emissions and climate change. These technologies include satellite imagery, drones, IoT and human intelligence.

Extreme weather events are a major consequence of rising emissions, rising temperatures and climate change. Climate risk insurance is designed to mitigate financial and other risk associated with climate change, especially phenomena like extreme weather events.

Extreme weather events are a major consequence of rising emissions, rising temperatures and climate change. Climate risk insurance is designed to mitigate financial and other risk associated with climate change, especially phenomena like extreme weather events.

Smart heating and cooling systems which reduce emissions, improve efficiencies and cut down on costs.

The residential industry focussed on building more affordable, eco-friendly and flexible homes to suit future demand for more sustainable living.

The future of commercial buildings is demanding improved efficiencies, reduced energy usage and better work environments in an effort to create and maintain smart commercial buildings.

Companies and organizations focussed on future-proofing transport infrastructure through increasing resilience, adaptability and sustainability.

Micro mobility refers to a range of small, lightweight vehicles operating at speeds typically below 25 km/h. These could include electric bikes, scooters and skateboards. While these vehicles have been available for a long time, the rise of the sharing economy has vastly increased their adoption, especially in densely populated, traffic congested city centres in Europe, the US, and Asia. Micro mobility platforms enable the use of the closest micro mobility vehicle, available for a one-way trip, without needing to purchase or store it. They also help reduce traffic congestion and air pollution.

Road transport contributes about 15% to global emissions. The transition to electric cars, trucks and motorcycles will therefore play a significant role in preventing carbon emissions from increasing further. Electric vehicles (EVs) can be battery or fuel cell powered, and can be plug-in and non plug-in hybrids. The latter are powered by either liquid fuel or electricity generated by the braking system which is used to recharge the battery. Electric cars are rapidly gaining traction and account for about 2% of the global car fleet or 10m vehicles. In 2020, this fleet increased by 43% y/y. China, with 4.5m electric cars has the largest fleet, however the European fleet is growing at a significantly faster rate. In 2020, the European fleet more than doubled to 3.2m while the Chinese fleet increased by only 9%. Over and above this, there are another 1m buses, trucks and vans.

A number of factors are underpinning demand for EVs. Prices are gradually becoming more competitive and some governments are providing economic incentives and regulatory support to encourage their take-up.� This may be via fuel economy standards, zero-emission vehicle mandates and minimum requirements related to publicly accessible charging infrastructure.� Policy support is likely to continue, while pricing should become more competitive hence the EV market is well positioned for growth while playing a pivotal role in the transition to a low carbon future.

An electric rolling stock is powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board storage system such as a battery or a supercapacitor. Electric rolling stock is widely preferred to diesel as it emits less carbon, has higher performance, lower energy costs and is quieter. It also has less friction on the track, hence track maintenance is lower. The key disadvantage of electric rolling stock is the high cost for infrastructure such overhead lines or third rail, substations and control systems. The cost of maintaining rolling stock, stations and berth sites is also relatively high.

Over 90% of world trade is carried across the world�s oceans by more than 90,000 ships powered by fossil fuels. The shipping industry at large is responsible for emitting 3% of all greenhouse gases. More efficient designs and technologies to harness wind are helping to reduce emissions. Hybrid engines, currently being tested on small passenger ferries, will also be beneficial. Arguably, the most likely long-term solution for a low carbon shipping industry is the use of hydrogen based fuels. These include green hydrogen, green ammonia and fuel cells. Turning green hydrogen into ammonia is considered by many as the front runner as it is significantly cheaper to store.

Air travel accounts for as much as 2-3% of global CO2 emissions and could grow dramatically as demand increases. For the sector to become more sustainable, a radical innovation in propulsion technology is required to replace jet fuel combustion. For large aircraft, a low carbon solution is likely decades away. However, an all-electric solution for short haul, commuter flights for less than 20 passengers is much closer to being commercialized. Startups are currently making significant progress in battery electric and hydrogen fuel cells for these planes. A further innovation which will ease both traffic congestion and reduce emissions, is the development of flying cars. Advances in battery energy density, materials science and computer simulation have prompted the development of a range of personal flying vehicles. Most are designed with rotors instead of wings, which allow for vertical takeoff and landing.

Global technology companies provide infrastructure, applications and services to support governments and major energy, environmental and infrastructure contexts. Technology providers are increasingly focusing on the energy and environmental market by providing a �one stop shop�, including hardware, software, infrastructure, hosting and support. Traditionally servicing consumer and business, tech companies are seeking to become an ecosystem platform for the sustainability sector.

Firms, individuals and government organizations support climate innovation by providing capital funding through direct investment, grants and equity financing. Venture capital investors in climate range from individual �angels� to social impact funds, broad based investors to those who focus specifically on sustainability investment. In addition to traditional investment houses, corporate venture funds within energy, agriculture and infrastructure organizations, construction and later stage ClimateTech startups also undertake climate tech investment and acquisition activity.

Accelerator and incubator programs provide much needed support and structure for early stage ClimateTech entrepreneurs, from those with an idea through to assisting startups to develop their business model, pitch and product, through to help finding investors. Typically between 3-6 months in length, accelerator programs provide working space, structured support via programs and mentoring, and cash funding, often in exchange for a small percentage of equity. There are a handful of dedicated ClimateTech accelerators globally and many climate startups participate in broader programs allowing for collaboration across sectors.

ClimateTech and climate innovation events range from mega-conferences and expos to small meetups and practice sharing sessions. Events provide a focus for learning about specific topics, sharing practices and making connections to people working in the broader climate ecosystem. Expo events provide opportunities for products and services to connect with potential customers. Large ClimateTech conferences attract a global audience and allow connections between thought leaders, entrepreneurs, scientists, government, investors and service providers

Competitions and awards are numerous in early stage ClimateTech ecosystems, enabling entrepreneurs an opportunity to gain exposure their products and services and as practice �pitching� their ideas and business model. Making it through to the finals of competitions or awards provides an easy �finding and filtering� mechanism for early stage investors. National (and international) awards are fewer in number but range from effective use of technology in energy and sustainability innovation awards, through to tech-product awards in the energy, environmental and infrastructure sectors.